How a Solar PV System Works

A Solar Power Plant (PLTS) is a power generation system that converts solar energy into electricity. By using solar panels containing photovoltaic cells, PLTS produces electricity in the form of direct current (DC) when exposed to sunlight. PLTS systems are becoming increasingly popular in Indonesia because they are environmentally friendly and can help reduce household electricity bills. With its tropical climate and abundant sunlight, Indonesia is highly suitable for utilizing solar energy as a source of electricity.

There are three main types of PLTS systems commonly used: On-Grid (connected to the PLN utility grid), Off-Grid (standalone without a grid), and Hybrid (a combination of both). Each type has its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages depending on user needs. This article will explain the main components of a PLTS system and how each type works in detail.

Main Components of a PLTS System

• Solar Panels (Photovoltaic Modules): Made up of multiple photovoltaic cells that capture sunlight and convert it into direct current (DC). The more panels or the higher their efficiency, the greater the power output.

• Inverter: Converts DC from the panels into alternating current (AC) for household and grid use. There are specific On-Grid inverters (without batteries) and hybrid inverters (with battery integration).

• Battery: Stores electricity generated by the panels. In Off-Grid and Hybrid systems, batteries store surplus energy during the day for use at night or on cloudy days, ensuring power availability when sunlight is not present.

• kWh Meter: Records the amount of electricity consumed and/or produced. In On-Grid systems, the meter logs electricity usage from PLN and production from PLTS, although under current regulations, the export-import scheme with PLN is no longer applied.

• Charge Controller: Regulates battery charging from solar panels. It prevents overcharging or deep discharging, extending battery lifespan.

• Mounting (Support Frame): The structure that holds solar panels at the optimal tilt angle, ensuring maximum energy capture.

• AC/DC Disconnect Switches: Safety devices used to cut off electricity during installation or maintenance, ensuring safe operations.

• Cables and Grounding: PV-specific DC cables and standard AC cables connect the components. Grounding kits and lightning protection safeguard the system from electrical surges.

• Installation Accessories: Includes connectors, screws, protective boxes, and other components that ensure safe and neat installation.

  
  

On-Grid PLTS Systems

An On-Grid PLTS system is directly connected to the utility grid (PLN). The electricity generated by solar panels is used to power household loads first, while any excess is sent to PLN’s grid. Typically, On-Grid systems do not use batteries, making installation simpler and more affordable. These systems are suitable for households or buildings already connected to electricity and that consume energy primarily during the day.

On-Grid Systems

How On-Grid PLTS Works:

1. Solar panels generate electricity (DC).

2. The inverter converts DC into AC according to household and PLN standards.

3. AC power is used to supply household needs first.

4. Any surplus is sent to PLN’s grid, but under current regulations, net-metering no longer applies—exported electricity does not reduce bills.

5. A kWh meter still records usage but does not offset exports.

6. During a PLN blackout, the system shuts down automatically for safety reasons.

Advantages:

• Lower installation cost (no batteries required).

• Reduces monthly electricity bills.

• Easier maintenance.

Disadvantages:

• No backup during blackouts.

• Requires PLN permits and administrative procedures.

  
  

Off-Grid PLTS Systems

An Off-Grid PLTS system is a standalone solution not connected to the utility grid. Equipped with batteries, it stores energy and supplies power independently. This system is ideal for remote areas or users seeking energy independence.

Off-Grid Systems

How Off-Grid PLTS Works:

1. Panels capture sunlight and convert it into DC electricity.

2. DC flows through a charge controller to charge the batteries.

3. Surplus energy is stored in the batteries for later use.

4. An Off-Grid inverter converts DC from the batteries into AC.

5. AC power is distributed to household loads.

6. The cycle repeats daily as panels recharge the batteries.

Advantages:

• Independent from PLN.

• Provides backup power via batteries.

Disadvantages:

• Higher installation cost due to batteries and special inverters.

• Battery maintenance and replacement needed over time.

• Weather-dependent; extended cloudy conditions may disrupt supply.

  
  

Hybrid PLTS Systems

A Hybrid PLTS system combines On-Grid and Off-Grid benefits. It connects to PLN while also having batteries. During the day, solar power is used directly, with surplus stored in batteries or supplied to PLN. At night or during outages, stored energy is used.

Hybrid Systems

How Hybrid PLTS Works:

1. Panels generate DC electricity.

2. A hybrid inverter converts DC to AC, manages loads, and directs surplus to batteries or PLN.

3. During the day, loads are powered, and surplus energy charges the batteries or flows to PLN.

4. At night or during blackouts, power is drawn from batteries.

5. The hybrid inverter automatically manages energy sources for seamless operation.

Advantages:

• Provides backup during outages.

• High flexibility: connected to PLN while optimizing solar usage.

• Reduces electricity dependency and costs.

Disadvantages:

• Higher upfront investment.

• More complex installation.

• Battery maintenance required.

  
  

Conclusion

PLTS systems are available in three main types: On-Grid, Off-Grid, and Hybrid. On-Grid is affordable and reduces bills but has no backup. Off-Grid ensures independence, suitable for remote areas, but costs more. Hybrid combines the benefits of both with flexibility and backup power.

When choosing a PLTS system, consider your energy needs, location, and budget. All types provide clean energy and long-term savings. With proper planning and installation, PLTS can be an efficient, eco-friendly electricity solution for homes or businesses.

Contact SMSolar for Solar Solutions

SMSolar is one of Indonesia’s trusted partners in providing solar energy solutions. With expertise in On-Grid, Off-Grid, and Hybrid installations, SMSolar helps you achieve energy independence. We offer free consultations, custom system designs, and professional technical support.

If you are interested in installing a PLTS for your home or business, contact SMSolar today. Get the best services and special offers for your energy needs. Save on electricity bills and create a cleaner environment with SMSolar!